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The Common Technical Document (CTD) is an internationally accepted format for drug applications, created by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). It standardizes submission processes, enhancing clarity and efficiency in regulatory documentation, particularly for pharmaceutical companies. Before the CTD, varying requirements led to redundancy and delays in approvals. The CTD facilitates global submissions by harmonizing data presentation, which reduces costs and time to market for drugs. Its modular structure includes administrative, summary, quality, non-clinical, and clinical sections, ensuring comprehensive regulatory compliance and streamlined evaluations.

The drug development process is intricate and must ensure quality, safety, efficacy, and compliance, typically taking 12-15 years and costing around $1 billion. It includes five stages: discovery and development, non-clinical development, clinical development, regulatory review, and post-marketing surveillance. Key phases such as Phase 0, I, II, and III assess safety, tolerability, efficacy, and effectiveness in humans before market approval. Regulatory bodies oversee these stages to ensure public health while ongoing Phase IV trials monitor long-term safety and effectiveness post-approval.

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